英语语法：全部倒装和部分倒装|佛山英语培训

文本来源：佛山商务英语培训爱德华国际英语

英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”，这种语序称为陈述句语序或自然语序(normal word order)，如果把谓语的全部或一部分置于主语之前，就称为倒装语序(inverted word order)，当谓语全部置于主语之前，称为全部倒装(full inversion)；当谓语一部分（如助动词或情态动词）置于主语之前，称为部分倒装(partial inversion)。

a. 全部倒装

　　1) there be句型

　　有时一些表示存在意义的不及物动词也可用于该句型，如：stand， lie， exist， live， remain， appear， come， happen， occur， rise等。

　　Generally， there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states， large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. 他们普遍认为新生的国家是拥有主权和完全独立的国家，大到经济上可运行良好，并由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。

　　There stands a monument to Lin Zexu at the center of the square， which attracts a great many of visitors all the year round. 广场中心矗立着林则徐纪念碑，每年吸引着成千上万的游客。

　　2) here， there等词置于句首

　　here， there， now， then， thus， hence置于句首而主语不是人称代词时，主谓倒装；如果主语是人称代词或非人称代词，主谓不倒装。

　　It is so late， and now is the hour when we must say goodbye.太晚了，是该说再见的时候了。

　　—Where is the report of urban plan made by the committee?

　　—There it is．

　　—委员会所做的城市规划放哪儿了？

　　—在这里。

　　Here is an example， which I heard at a nurses convention， of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.举个例子，在一次护士大会上，我听到了一个效果很理想的幽默故事，因为听众都对医生持有相同的看法。

　　3) 表示方向、地点的状语置于句首

　　up， down， away， here， in， out， off等置于句首时，需要全部倒装。

　　Following the roar out rushed a tiger from among the bushes. 一声吼叫过后，一只猛虎从丛林中蹿了出来。

　　In came a number of boys and girls talking and laughing. 一群孩子边说边笑走了进来。

　　4) 作表语的形容词或分词置于句首

　　Present at the press conference were director and general manager of the Shenzhenbased enterprise.出席记者招待会的是总部设在深圳的企业董事长和总经理。

　　Lying unconsciously under the tree was an old man aged 75.一位75岁高龄的老人躺在树下，已经不省人事。

　　5) 直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时。

　　“What does the word mean?” asked the boy.“这个单词是什么意思”?男孩问道。

　　“Yes,” replied John, “I’m wrong.”“是的,” 约翰回答说，“我错了。”

　　6) now, then位于句首，谓语是表示“出现”的动词，如come, appear等，用全部倒装。

　　Now comes your turn. 轮到你了。

　　Then appeared a man in the distance. 然后在远处出现了个人。

b. 部分倒装

　　1) 否定词或具有（半）否定意义的词或词组置于句首作状语

　　如：never， scarcely， hardly， rarely， seldom， little， no sooner...than， hardly...when，scarcely...when (before)， not only， in no case (in no way， at no time， on no account， by no means，under no circumstances，in no respects)（决不，在任何情况下都不）， no longer/no more （不再）。

　　Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 电视是制造和表达这些情绪的方式之一，在加强不同民族和国家之间的联系方面，电视也许还从来没有像在欧洲事务中那样起过如此大的作用。

　　Not only is there a wide range of prices for goods in America， there is also a wide range in the quality of goods offered for sale.美国商品不仅价格变化很大，而且供出售的商品质量也有很大不同。

　　Under no circumstance should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of both the people and the state.在任何情况下，我们都不应只为了自己的利益而不惜损害祖国和人民的利益。

　　2) only+副词／介词短语／状语从句（句首状语由only修饰）

　　Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. 直到最近，语言学家才开始认真研究与他们自己所掌握的完全不同的语言。

　　Only when you have been absorbed in the study can you reach an idea whether it is impossible or not to complete it on time.只有当你全身心投入该研究中时，你才能得知能否按时完成。

　　Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted， and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.人们只是逐渐地认识到制度这一副产品，而在运行这种制度的过程中，认识到这种效果具有指导性作用的时间则更加缓慢。

　　3) 条件从句中省略if

　　　　在虚拟语气中，条件从句if省略时，倒装到主语前的是助动词should， had和系动词were。

　　Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company， there is no doubt that it could dramatically transform a familyrun enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues from newspapers. 如果时代公司要收购另一家主流媒体公司的话，那仍旧靠报纸获得90%收入的家族式企业的模式肯定会遭到它大刀阔斧的改革。

　　Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public， our company would not be so thriving as it is．要不是公众及时投资，我们公司不会像现在这么繁荣。

　　4) 其他部分倒装情况

　　表示前面陈述的情况适合于后者，前面是肯定句，后面用so引导；前面是否定句，后面用neither或nor引导，省略倒装句中的助动词在时态和语态形式上与前面句子保持一致。

　　Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role， too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its childbearing years.接连不断的移民潮，还有当年“生育高峰”时期出生的孩子已经到了生育年龄，这些因素也起了作用。

　　Americans no longer expect public figures， whether in speech or in writing， to command the English with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. 美国人不再期望公众人物在演讲或写作时可以娴熟地运用技巧和文采来掌握英语，而人们本身也不这样要求自己。

　　5) so...that结构

　　so...that结构中，“so+状语”位于句首表强调时，使用倒装。

　　So much does he worry about his parents that he cant sleep well at night.他特别担心父母，以至于晚上难以入睡。

　　So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games. 孩子们对电脑如此着迷，以至于电脑夏令营的组织者们不得不强迫他们停下来做一些体育运动和游戏。

　　6) not until置于句首

　　not until置于句首时，连词until引导的从句主谓不倒装，但主句的主谓结构必须倒装。

　　Not until you return those books to the library immediately will you have to pay a fine.只有及时还书给图书馆，你才不会受罚。

　　Not until an infant hedgehog open its eyes does it leave its nest to follow its mother about.小刺猬一睁开眼就离开洞穴，步步不离地跟在妈妈周围。

　　7) 下列几类副词或介词短语作状语置于句首表强调

　　频度副词：often， always， many a time， every day， now and then等；

　　方式副词：gladly， sadly， well， with every justification，with good reason等；

　　表程度的副词或介词短语：especially， to such length(s)， to such a degree， to such an extent， to such extremes。

　　With every justification did he explain his fault in the exam held by school.他以种种借口解释他在学校举行的考试中所犯的错误。

　　To such a degree did he go on with his tedious speech that some of us began to yawn. 他如此滔滔不绝地进行那冗长的演讲，以至于我们中间有些人都开始哈欠连天。

　　8) as， though， no matter how， however引导的让步状语从句

　　as， though引导的倒装句型为：名词（前不加a或an）／形容词／副词+as+主语+谓语，该结构可用(al)though引导的让步状语从句来替换，译为“虽然”或“尽管”。

　　Much as I have traveled， I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness， whatever the job.虽然我常旅行，但我从未见过任何人于任何工作能像她那样一丝不苟。

　　Odd though it sounds， cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics， and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它还是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家十年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

　　9) be+主语+其他（若其他是单数名词作宾语，则名词前不接不定冠词a/an）

　　这是一开放式条件状语从句，属于特殊倒装结构，表示泛指。该结构可用whether...or结构来替换，同时单数名词前的不定冠词保持不变，可译为“不管是……”。

　　Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions， be they Christian， Islamic， Buddhist， Jewish， and so on．我们所使用的教堂一词，指的是所有的宗教机构，不管它们是基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教或犹太教等。

　　In an urban society in which highly structured， fastpaced and stressful work looms large in life， experiences of a different nature， be it television watching or bird watching， can lead to selfrenewal and a more “balanced” way of life. 在城市社会中，结构严密、步调迅速、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活，某种不同性质的经历，不管是看电视还是观鸟，都能带来自我更新和一种“平衡的”生活方式。

　　10) 为了使句子保持平衡，为了强调表语或为了使上下文紧密衔接时，常使用倒装语序。

　　Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people were looked down upon.中国人被瞧不起的日子一去不复返了。

　　Also present will be a person who thinks up an idea for an advertisement.出席会议的还有广告的策划者。

文本来源：佛山商务英语培训爱德华国际英语